Retired military M'd to retired military here!
Make sure you hire an attorney that has experience with dealing with military.
The Sailor's and Soldier's Relief Act (may be called something else now) protects him from being served whenever he is deployed, or TDY (which right now he is TDY). As long as he is PDY, or present for duty, at his permanent station, he can be served and divorce proceedings can commence.
If you were M for more than 10 years, and it was 10 years that he was in the military, you would be entitled automatically to some of his retirement down he road. However, you can still request some of his retirement anyway. Not saying it will happen, but I've seen stranger things. A judge will make the determination if you were M for a lengthy time period.
Now here is where it gets interesting. You have leverage. Because of the A, he may not want his gaining unit command to know. This COULD potentially by you some leverage in D negotiations. Just be careful that it isn't construed as blackmail.
Him living in another state may not be an issue. As a military member, I kept my residency. It is an option to change it, but my state didn't tax Soldiers so I never bothered to change my residence. Military members do not have to change their residency. He would actually have to fill out paperwork with the finance office to change his residency status. If you serve him soon enough, he won't have had the chance.
Tears of love gave you a good website to start. As his family member, you now have the right to go to a military installation and seek free counsel with the Staff Judge Advocate office.
Also, you may want to petition for his Survivor's Benefit Plan entitlements. You would need to speak with a Navy representative with the their admin folks for clarification of whether you are eligible to petition for this.
The Survivor's Benefit Plan is elected upon retirement. It is basically insurance on his retirement paycheck. Should you petition and win the SBP (you would have to modify it to ex spouse SBP upon D), if your H passed away, you would receive a percentage of what his retirement check would be. You would have to do any paperwork before day 365 of date of D. That is important to remember. You would only have 364 days to convert from SBP to ex-spouse SBP or it would be dropped no matter what a court ruled.
Good luck.