The answer is, "Maybe." Depends on the device and OS version, etc.
The SIM card is only a phone number and then only if the unique identifier on the card is entered into a phone system (like Verizon or AT&T) and assigned a phone number. SIM cards have a teeny-tinsy bit of storage on them and used to be used for storing your address book, texts, etc. but that hasn't been done in a while.
Here's where the "Maybe" comes in. My phone is an international model and so has spots for two SIM cards, one for the U.S. and one for overseas. That means that my phone _could_ have two different phone numbers that will cause it to ring, one for each SIM. The phone software has options whether to merge call and texting history from each SIM into one big list or to separate them out into a list for each SIM. I could see where a device with space for _one_ SIM might do something similar, only showing history and text for the currently-installed SIM.
I used to have some extra SIMs at work. My work phone would be changed for a new one and I'd take the old SIM and stick it in the new phone and just leave the new SIM in the new phone's box. Eventually I had several useless SIM cards in my desk. They had never been activated, so they had no phone number, so they were just "meh."
Sticking them in your phone to check whether they have numbers or not may or may not work. If they are activated and through different carriers, or if they are "pay as you go" phone SIMs then they will only work in phones that are "locked" to the carrier or "unlocked" phones. If your phone is "unlocked" then they would work if they have phone numbers. If your phone is "locked" to a particular carrier (like Verizon or AT&T) then they would only work if the SIM is from the same carrier. In Other Words, a Verizon SIM will only work in Verizon or unlocked phones.
Oh, and they have to be the same physical size as the SIM-size that your phone expects to even have a chance to work in your phone.
I hope that this was helpful, but with all of the uncertainty in it I'm afraid that it probably wasn't.
Questions?